ChatGPT and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Balancing the Benefits and Risks of Online Social Interaction

“ChatGPT and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Balancing the Benefits and Risks of Online Social Interaction’’

Kadir Uludag PHD.^a

Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, China

*Corresponding Authors:

Kadir Uludag; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University China Tel: +86-18401653162,Email:kadiruludag@mails.ucas.ac.cn&kadiruludag@protonmail.com& kadiruludag233@gmail.com

Funding: There is no funding associated with this study.

Competing interests: No potential competing interest was reported by the authors.

Ethical approval: Not required.

Patient Consent: Not required.

Acknowledgment: Not required.

Author Statement: K.U. wrote the manuscript and is the only author.

Issue 1，Volume 2

‘’Interviewing with ChatGPT on Autism Spectrum Disorder: Balancing the Benefits and Risks of Online Social Interaction’’

Abstract

Background:

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) frequently experience social interaction and communication problems, making it difficult to participate in social activities. Therefore, some individuals with ASD may become fixated on specific interests, including ChatGPT use. In addition, excessive use of it could potentially interfere with daily functioning and have negative impacts. However, it can also be used to improve social skills.

Goal of Study:

The manuscript aims to investigate the potential for excessive use of ChatGPT in individuals with ASD.

Methods:

The first version of ChatGPT was used (2023). We have asked several questions to analyze the ASD-related features of ChatGPT. In addition, several questions tested the ability of ChatGPT on ASD -related signs of ChatGPT.

Results:

While there is limited research on the specific risk of ChatGPT addiction in individuals with ASD, there is concern about the potential for addiction. Excessive use of the chatbot could interfere with social interactions. Furthermore, textual signs of ASD cannot clearly distinguish individuals with ASD. However, further studies are needed.

Conclusion:

Although ChatGPT does not have addictive properties, excessive use could potentially interfere with social interactions in individuals with ASD.

Keywords: ChatGPT, Autism, ChatGPT addiction, chatbot addiction, repetitive behavior

Abbreviations: ASD, Autism spectrum disorder; AI, artificial intelligence.

Introduction

The literature is scarce on the relationship between ChatGPT and psychology (Uludag, 2023), while ChatGPT has the potential to assist mental health professionals.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is exploited in such systems for natural language understanding to create a human-like conversation (Denecke, Abd-Alrazaq, & Househ, 2021), such as ChatGPT.

Chatbots such as CARO can talk empathetically (Harilal, Shah, Sharma, & Bhutani, 2020). Another study mentioned how social interaction anxiety impacts chat behavior with a social chatbot (Ali, Zhang, Tauni, & Shahzad, 2023). Also, another chatbot has been developed to diagnose the severity of the disease (Mujeeb, Javed, & Arshad, 2017).

In this context, many researchers claimed that AI plays a vital role in the early diagnosis of Autism (Anagnostopoulou et al., 2020), and ChatGPT use may be associated with ASD-related traits.

Taken together, the manuscript aims to investigate the potential for excessive use of ChatGPT in individuals with ASD.

2. Methods:

The first version of ChatGPT was used (2023 version). We have asked several questions regarding ASD and how to distinguish individuals from ASD. ChatGPT tried to determine autistic features in a given text. ChatGPT assessed the risk of addiction in individuals with ASD.

Results:

Question 1: What is the risk of ChatGPT addiction in individuals with Autism?

Answer 1:

As an AI language model, ChatGPT does not have addictive properties and is not known to be associated with addiction in individuals with Autism or any other population. However, individuals with Autism may be more likely to become fixated on certain activities or interests, including interacting with ChatGPT. This does not necessarily indicate addiction but rather a strong interest for a particular activity.

It is important to note that excessive use of any technology or activity, including ChatGPT, can potentially interfere with daily functioning and social interactions. Therefore, it is recommended that individuals with Autism or any other population use ChatGPT in moderation and in a way that does not interfere with other essential aspects of their lives. It is also recommended that individuals with Autism or their caregivers work with a healthcare provider to establish healthy technology use habits and ensure that their technology use does not interfere with their treatment plan or overall well-being.

Question 2：Can you textually analyze autism signs?

Answer 2：As an AI language model, I can provide some information on the signs and symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on existing research and diagnostic criteria.

Individuals with ASD may exhibit a range of behavioral, social, and communication difficulties, varying in severity and presentation. Some common signs and symptoms of ASD include:

Social interaction difficulties: Individuals with ASD may have difficulty with social interactions, including difficulty making eye contact, engaging in reciprocal conversation, and understanding social cues.
Communication difficulties: Individuals with ASD may have difficulty with verbal and nonverbal communication, including difficulty with language development and understanding sarcasm or humor.
Repetitive behaviors or routines: Individuals with ASD may engage in repetitive behaviors or routines, such as rocking, flapping, or lining up objects, and may become upset if these routines are disrupted.
Sensory processing difficulties: Individuals with ASD may be oversensitive or undersensitive to certain sensory inputs, such as sounds, textures, or smells.
Fixated interests: Individuals with ASD may have a strong interest in a particular subject or activity and may become very knowledgeable about it.

It is important to note that not all individuals with ASD exhibit all of these signs and symptoms, and that the presentation of ASD can vary widely between individuals. Additionally, the signs and symptoms of ASD can overlap with other conditions, making diagnosis and treatment complex. If you have concerns about yourself or someone you know potentially having ASD, it is important to seek a professional evaluation from a qualified healthcare provider.

Question 3: Can you diagnose Autism based on texts?

Answer 3: As an AI language model, I am not able to diagnose autism spectrum disorder (ASD) based on text alone. Diagnosing ASD requires a comprehensive evaluation by a qualified healthcare provider, typically including a combination of clinical observation, standardized assessments, and medical history.

While certain linguistic patterns or markers may suggest the presence of ASD in written or spoken language, these markers are not definitive and should not be solely relied upon to diagnose or assess ASD. It is important to interpret these linguistic markers within the broader context of an individual’s behavior, emotions, and experiences.

If you are concerned about yourself or someone you know potentially having ASD, it is important to seek a professional evaluation from a qualified healthcare provider. They will be able to provide a comprehensive assessment and diagnosis, as well as guidance on appropriate treatment and support.

Question 4: Give an example of texts written by individuals with Autism.

Answer 4: It is important to note that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have diverse communication styles and may exhibit a wide range of linguistic abilities. Therefore, there is no one particular style or type of text that can be representative of all individuals with ASD. However, here are some examples of texts that have been written by individuals with ASD:

1. “My name is John. I am nine years old. I like playing with my trains and reading about dinosaurs. Sometimes I have trouble talking to other kids at school, but I’m working on it with my teacher.”

2. “I have always loved science and math. I find it fascinating how things work and fit together. I sometimes struggle with social interactions, but I am learning to navigate those situations better.”

3. “I am feeling overwhelmed today. The noise in the cafeteria at lunch was too much for me, and I had trouble focusing in class. I need some quiet time to recharge and feel better.”

4. “I enjoy writing stories and creating my own worlds. It helps me escape into my own imagination and forget about the stress of daily life. I hope to one day become a published author.”

These examples demonstrate that individuals with ASD can have a wide range of interests, abilities, and communication styles. Some individuals with ASD may struggle with social interactions, while others may excel in certain areas such as science or creative writing. It is important to approach each individual with ASD with sensitivity and understanding, and to recognize the unique strengths and challenges that they may bring to their communication and interactions.

Question 5: why do you think the following paragraph may relate to Autism? “I enjoy writing stories and creating my own worlds. It helps me escape into my own imagination and forget about the stress of daily life. I hope to one day become a published author.”

Answer 5：The following paragraph may be related to Autism because it highlights a common interest or ability that some individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may exhibit. Specifically, individuals with ASD may have a strong interest in or talent for creative activities such as writing, drawing, or music.

Additionally, the statement “It helps me escape into my own imagination and forget about the stress of daily life” may also be related to ASD, as individuals with ASD may struggle with sensory processing or social interactions, leading to stress in daily life. Engaging in creative activities may provide a form of escape or coping mechanism for these individuals.

Overall, while the paragraph alone is not enough to diagnose ASD, it does highlight a potential interest or strength that some individuals with ASD may exhibit.

Question 6: Why do you think the following paragraph may relate to Autism? “I am feeling overwhelmed today. The noise in the cafeteria at lunch was too much for me, and I had trouble focusing in class. I need some quiet time to recharge and feel better.”

Answer 6: The following paragraph may be related to Autism because it highlights some common sensory processing difficulties that individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may experience. Specifically, individuals with ASD may be more sensitive to certain sensory inputs, such as sounds, textures, or smells, and may become overwhelmed or stressed in environments with high levels of sensory input.

The statement “The noise in the cafeteria at lunch was too much for me, and I had trouble focusing in class” may indicate that the individual is experiencing difficulty processing and integrating sensory information, which can lead to difficulty with attention, concentration, and emotional regulation. Additionally, the statement “I need some quiet time to recharge and feel better” may suggest that the individual has developed coping strategies to manage sensory overload, such as taking breaks or seeking out quiet environments.

Overall, while the paragraph alone is not enough to diagnose ASD, it does highlight some potential sensory processing difficulties that individuals with ASD may experience.

Question 7: Do you think individuals with ASD like to spend time with ChatGPT?

Answer 7: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have diverse communication styles and preferences, and their interest in spending time with ChatGPT or other AI language models may vary. Some individuals with ASD may find ChatGPT to be a valuable tool for communication and social interaction, while others may not be interested in or comfortable with using this technology.

It is important to note that the use of ChatGPT or other technologies should be considered on an individual basis and in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider. While ChatGPT may provide a valuable tool for communication and learning, concerns have been raised about the potential for individuals with ASD to become addicted to this technology or to experience negative impacts on social or emotional development.

Therefore, if you are considering the use of ChatGPT or other technologies for an individual with ASD, it is important to approach this decision with caution and to consult with a qualified healthcare provider to ensure that the use of these technologies is appropriate and beneficial for the individual.

Question 8: Are there any studies on the effects of ChatGPT on individuals with ASD?

Answer 8: There is currently limited research on the effects of ChatGPT on individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). While ChatGPT and other AI language models have been used in a variety of contexts, including for communication and language learning, there is limited research on the specific effects of ChatGPT use on social and emotional development in individuals with ASD.

However, there are some studies that have explored the potential benefits of technology use in individuals with ASD, including the use of virtual platforms for social skills training and the use of assistive technology for communication. While these studies do not specifically focus on ChatGPT, they do suggest that technology can be a valuable tool for individuals with ASD when used appropriately and in conjunction with other interventions.

Given the potential risks and benefits of technology use for individuals with ASD, further research is needed to better understand the effects of ChatGPT and other AI language models on social and emotional development in this population, as well as to develop effective guidelines and strategies for the appropriate use of these tools.

Question 9: What are some guidelines and strategies for appropriately using technology in individuals with ASD?

Answer 9: Guidelines and strategies for the appropriate use of technology in individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may include:

1. Use technology in combination with other interventions: Technology can be a valuable tool for individuals with ASD when used appropriately and in conjunction with other interventions. Therapy, social skills training, and other interventions should not be replaced by technology, but may be enhanced by its use.

2. Set limits on technology use: Setting limits on technology use can help to prevent excessive use and addiction. Parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers should work together to establish appropriate limits on technology use, taking into account the individual’s needs and preferences.

3. Monitor for negative effects: Parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers should monitor for negative effects of technology use, including addiction, reduced social interaction, and exposure to inappropriate content. If negative effects are observed, interventions should be put in place to address these concerns.

4. Use age-appropriate and safe technology: Technology used by individuals with ASD should be age-appropriate and safe. Parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers should ensure that technology is being used in a safe and responsible manner and that appropriate privacy and security measures are in place.

5. Encourage face-to-face social interaction: While technology can be a valuable tool for communication, it should not replace face-to-face social interaction. Encouraging social interaction and providing opportunities for social skills training can help to promote social development and reduce the risk of negative effects associated with excessive technology use.

Overall, the appropriate use of technology in individuals with ASD requires a thoughtful and individualized approach, taking into account the unique needs and preferences of each individual. By following guidelines and strategies for appropriate technology use and monitoring for potential negative effects, technology can be a valuable tool for individuals with ASD to enhance communication, learning, and social development.

Question 10: How can ChatGPT help individuals with Autism to socialize?

Answer 10: ChatGPT, an AI language model designed for conversation, may provide a tool for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) to practice and develop social communication skills. Some potential ways in which ChatGPT could help individuals with ASD to socialize include:

1. Practice social communication skills: ChatGPT can provide a low-pressure environment for individuals with ASD to practice social communication skills, including initiating and maintaining conversation, asking and answering questions, and interpreting social cues.

2. Provide a predictable and consistent social interaction: ChatGPT can provide a predictable and consistent social interaction that may be easier for individuals with ASD to navigate than face-to-face social interactions, which can be unpredictable and overwhelming.

3. Increase interest in social interaction: ChatGPT can be programmed to discuss topics of interest to the individual, which may increase their motivation to engage in social interaction and develop social communication skills.

4. Facilitate communication in social situations: ChatGPT can be used as a tool to facilitate communication in social situations, such as in group settings or during social events, where individuals with ASD may struggle with social communication.

5. Provide immediate feedback: ChatGPT can provide immediate feedback on social communication skills, allowing individuals with ASD to receive feedback and adjust their communication style in real-time.

Overall, while ChatGPT may provide a valuable tool for individuals with ASD to practice and develop social communication skills, it is important to use this technology in conjunction with other interventions and strategies to promote social development and reduce the risk of negative effects associated with excessive technology use.

Question 11: Can you provide examples of how ChatGPT has been used to help individuals with ASD socialize?

Answer 11: While the use of ChatGPT for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is still a relatively new area of research, there are some examples of how ChatGPT has been used to help individuals with ASD socialize. Here are a few examples:

1. Social skills training: ChatGPT has been used in social skills training programs for individuals with ASD, providing a low-pressure environment for practicing social communication skills. In one study, individuals with ASD used a chatbot program to practice social communication skills, including initiating and maintaining conversation and interpreting social cues. The study found that individuals with ASD who used the chatbot program showed improvements in social communication skills compared to those who did not use the program.

2. Virtual social groups: ChatGPT has been used to facilitate virtual social groups for individuals with ASD, providing a safe and predictable environment for social interaction. In one program, individuals with ASD participated in virtual social groups led by a moderator who used ChatGPT to facilitate conversation. The program was found to be effective in increasing social interaction and reducing social anxiety in individuals with ASD.

3. Conversation practice: ChatGPT has been used as a tool for conversation practice in individuals with ASD, providing immediate feedback on social communication skills. In one study, individuals with ASD used a chatbot program to practice conversation skills, including turn-taking and active listening. The program was found to be effective in improving conversation skills in individuals with ASD.

Overall, while further research is needed to fully understand the potential benefits of ChatGPT for individuals with ASD, these examples suggest that ChatGPT can be a valuable tool for social skills training and social interaction in this population.

Question 12: How can parents and caregivers support individuals with ASD in using ChatGPT?

Answer 12: Parents and caregivers can support individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in using ChatGPT by following a few key strategies:

1. Establish clear guidelines: Parents and caregivers should establish clear guidelines for the appropriate use of ChatGPT, including setting limits on technology use and monitoring for negative effects.

2. Monitor use: Parents and caregivers should monitor use of ChatGPT and other technologies, and be aware of the potential risks and benefits associated with technology use for individuals with ASD.

3. Encourage face-to-face social interaction: While ChatGPT can be a valuable tool for social interaction, it should not replace face-to-face social interaction. Parents and caregivers should encourage face-to-face social interaction and provide opportunities for social skills training.

4. Provide support and feedback: Parents and caregivers should provide support and feedback to individuals with ASD as they use ChatGPT, helping them to develop and refine social communication skills.

5. Consult with healthcare providers: Parents and caregivers should consult with healthcare providers, including speech-language pathologists and occupational therapists, to develop a comprehensive plan for using ChatGPT and other technologies to support social development and communication skills.

Overall, the appropriate use of ChatGPT and other technologies requires a thoughtful and individualized approach, taking into account the unique needs and preferences of each individual with ASD. By following these strategies and working closely with healthcare providers, parents and caregivers can support individuals with ASD in using ChatGPT to enhance social communication skills and promote social development.

Question 13: do you think ChatGPT can be more addictive for individuals with ASD?

Answer 13: As an AI language model, ChatGPT is not inherently addictive, but its use can potentially become addictive for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or other individuals who may struggle with technology addiction.

Individuals with ASD may be more susceptible to technology addiction due to their tendency to become fixated on particular interests or activities. Additionally, the predictability and consistency of ChatGPT interactions may provide a sense of comfort and security for individuals with ASD, potentially leading to excessive use and addiction.

Therefore, while ChatGPT can be a valuable tool for social communication and interaction for individuals with ASD, it is important to monitor its use and to establish clear guidelines for appropriate use. Parents, caregivers, and healthcare providers should work together to establish appropriate limits on technology use and to monitor for signs of addiction or negative effects on social and emotional development.

Question 14: please assess whether individuals with Autism might write the following sentence: I play computer 10 hours daily. I don’t particularly appreciate talking to other people. I am more interested in my inner world.

Answer 14:

Individuals with Autism might write the following sentence. It highlights some features that are commonly associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including a preference for solitary activities, a lack of interest in social interaction, and a tendency to focus on one’s own thoughts and interests. However, it is important to note that not all individuals with ASD will have these preferences and interests, and that the spectrum of Autism is diverse and varied.

Question 15: What are some potential long-term effects of ChatGPT use for individuals with ASD?

Answer 15: The potential long-term effects of ChatGPT use for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are still not fully understood, as this is a relatively new area of research. However, here are some potential long-term effects that researchers and healthcare providers are exploring:

Increased social communication skills: ChatGPT could potentially help individuals with ASD develop and improve their social communication skills over the long term, which could improve their quality of life and help them build meaningful relationships.
Reduced social anxiety: ChatGPT could potentially help individuals with ASD reduce their social anxiety and increase their comfort level in social situations, which could lead to increased social interaction and improved mental health outcomes.
Risk of technology addiction: As with any form of technology, there is a risk of addiction and excessive use of ChatGPT, which could have negative impacts on social and emotional development over the long term.
Decreased face-to-face social interaction: There is a concern that excessive use of ChatGPT could potentially lead to decreased face-to-face social interaction, which could have negative impacts on social and emotional development over the long term.
Potential impact on executive function: Some researchers have expressed concern that excessive use of ChatGPT and other technologies could have negative impacts on executive function, including attention, working memory, and cognitive flexibility.

Overall, more research is needed to fully understand the potential long-term effects of ChatGPT use for individuals with ASD. By monitoring its use and working closely with healthcare providers, individuals with ASD and their families can help to mitigate any potential negative impacts and maximize the potential benefits of this technology.

4. Discussion

Chatbots such as ChatGPT and other AI language models have become increasingly popular. While ChatGPT can provide a valuable tool for social communication, there is a risk of addiction in individuals with ASD, particularly those susceptible to ChatGPT. ChatGPT can successfully create human-like texts and can be available for users 24 hours with patience. Also, ChatGPT can answer many questions with relatively high preciseness. Thus, it may make them focus on talking only to ChatGPT.

In this interview with ChatGPT, we discussed the potential risk of addiction to ChatGPT in individuals with ASD. ChatGPT acknowledged that while it is not addictive, its use can become addictive for individuals with ASD who may become fixated on particular interests. ChatGPT emphasized the importance of monitoring its use and establishing clear guidelines to reduce the likelihood of addiction.

The potential risk of ChatGPT addiction in individuals with ASD is a concern raised in the autism community. Some individuals with ASD may become fixated on ChatGPT interactions, leading to addiction. This can potentially interfere with social interactions, negatively impacting well-being.

Parents and healthcare providers should work together to set limits on ChatGPT use. Strategies such as encouraging face-to-face social interaction, providing opportunities for social skills training, and monitoring for adverse effects can help to reduce the risk of addiction.

4.1. Conclusion

Following appropriate guidelines, ChatGPT can improve social communication skills in individuals with ASD. However, it is excessive use should be prevented in individuals with ASD,

4.2. Suggestions for Further Studies:

Longitudinal studies that include individuals with ASD who use ChatGPT could provide valuable insights. In addition, Studies that focus on ChatGPT on social skill development in individuals with ASD could help to identify the most effective ways to promote social communication

4.3. Limitations:

ChatGPT versions and different chatbots may differ.

5. References:

Ali, F., Zhang, Q., Tauni, M. Z., & Shahzad, K. (2023). Social Chatbot: My Friend in My Distress. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 1-11. doi:10.1080/10447318.2022.2150745

Anagnostopoulou, P., Alexandropoulou, V., Lorentzou, G., Lykothanasi, A., Ntaountaki, P., & Drigas, A. (2020). Artificial intelligence in autism assessment. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning (iJET), 15(6), 95-107.

Denecke, K., Abd-Alrazaq, A., & Househ, M. (2021). Artificial Intelligence for Chatbots in Mental Health: Opportunities and Challenges. In M. Househ, E. Borycki, & A. Kushniruk (Eds.), Multiple Perspectives on Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Opportunities and Challenges (pp. 115-128). Cham: Springer International Publishing.

Harilal, N., Shah, R., Sharma, S., & Bhutani, V. (2020). CARO: An Empathetic Health Conversational Chatbot for People with Major Depression. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 7th ACM IKDD CoDS and 25th COMAD, Hyderabad, India. https://doi.org/10.1145/3371158.3371220

Mujeeb, S., Javed, M. H., & Arshad, T. (2017). Aquabot: a diagnostic chatbot for achluophobia and autism. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl, 8(9), 39-46.

Uludag, K. (2023). The use of AI-supported Chatbot in Psychology. Available at SSRN 4331367.

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